America\u27s Public Hospitals and Health Systems, 2003: Results of the Annual NAPH Hospital Characteristics Survey

In 2003, members of the National Association of Public Hospitals and Health Systems continued to offer millions of uninsured and underserved individuals access to the medical services so critical for lifelong health and well-being. Delivering these services was difficult, however, given the economic downtown early in the decade and the resulting inadequacies associated with safety net financing. This report examines the operations and activities of NAPH members in 2003, presents the financial challenges they faced, describes the clinical and community services they provided, and profiles the patients they served

The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet little is known about the specific genetic loci that influence human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants that affect cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 51,665 individuals. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specializations. We identified 199 significant loci and found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements that are active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signaling pathways, which influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinson's disease, insomnia, depression, neuroticism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder